![]() ![]() PTSD is also associated with several medical comorbidities, such as chronic pain, cardiometabolic diseases, and a heightened risk of dementia ,. Fear-based emotional reactions and long-lasting negative emotions are common symptoms in PTSD, which not only affect the life of patients and their families, but also cause heavy mental health burden. Approximately, 91% of individuals diagnosed with PTSD meet the criteria for other psychiatric diagnoses . The clinical presentation of PTSD varies differently, and symptoms have substantial overlap between PTSD and other psychiatric diseases, such as depression, anxiety, and substance abuse . The current coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic can also be considered as a TE that can impact physical and mental health, with a relative high incidence of symptoms of PTSD ranging from 7 to 53.8% . Globally, the lifetime prevalence of PTSD is 1.3%–12.2%, and the 12 month prevalence ranges from 0.2% to 3.8% . It has been estimated that more than 70% of people are exposed to a TE at least once in their lives, and approximately 10% of individuals develop PTSD after experiencing a TE . The psychological response and emotional reactions to TEs are determined by the characteristics of both the event and person. Although symptom clusters differ in certain respects, both diagnostic categories describe the symptoms of PTSD in detail. Now in the DSM-5, PTSD falls under the category of “Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders.” Moreover, due to the high comorbidities between PTSD and other mental disorders diagnosed based on DSM, the International Classification of Diseases 11th Edition (ICD-11), published by the World Health Organization (WHO), is also widely used to diagnose PTSD . The diagnostic criteria for PTSD have been refined over several decades and have been updated in the latest version of the DSM-5 . However, it was not until 1980 that the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Third Edition (DSM-III) first adopted PTSD as a psychiatric disorder. Indeed, PTSD-like disorders were mentioned in ancient times in the recording of abnormal mental symptoms and behaviors after experiencing combat . Psychiatrists have long been aware of the existence of PTSD symptoms. Although TEs are a major risk factor for PTSD, not every victim develops PTSD after experiencing TEs. Exposure to a TE is a necessary criterion for diagnosing PTSD, and exposure to such TEs increases the risk of developing PTSD within the first 3 months . The characteristic features of PTSD are intrusion or re-experiencing fear memories, pervasive sense of threat, active avoidance, hyperarousal symptoms, and negative alterations of cognition and mood . Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a serious and prolonged psychiatric disorder that occurs following exposure to extreme stressors or traumatic events (TEs), such as combats, terrorist attacks, natural disasters, sexual assault, or even severe traffic accidents . In this review, we summarize and discuss the diagnosis, prevalence, TEs, pathophysiology, and treatments of PTSD and draw attention to its prevention. Because of the high prevalence, heavy burden, and limited treatments, PTSD is a psychiatric disorder that requires urgent attention. A combination of both psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy is used to treat PTSD, but has limited efficacy in patients with refractory PTSD. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that the pathophysiology of PTSD is complex, involving abnormal neural circuits, molecular mechanisms, and genetic mechanisms. Individuals with PTSD have high comorbidities with other psychiatric diseases, including major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and substance use disorder. The important features of PTSD are intrusion or re-experiencing fear memories, pervasive sense of threat, active avoidance, hyperarousal symptoms, and negative alterations of cognition and mood. More than 70% of adults worldwide are exposed to a TE at least once in their lifetime, and approximately 10% of individuals develop PTSD after experiencing a TE. The TEs described in the DSM-5 include actual or threatened death, serious injury, sexual violence, and other extreme stressors, either directly or indirectly. ![]() In both diagnostic categories, experiencing a traumatic event (TE) is the necessary criterion for diagnosing PTSD. Currently, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition (DSM-5) and the International Classification of Diseases 11th Edition (ICD-11) offer the most widely accepted diagnostic guidelines for PTSD. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a severe and heterogenous psychiatric disorder that was first defined as a mental disorder in 1980. ![]()
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |